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Apnao
maanavaaoicat AiQakaraoM kI p`aiPt ko ilae EaimakaoM ko saMGaYa- kI
khanaI laMbaI hO. yah khanaI Aba BaI samaaPt nahIM hu[- hOM. kba tk
calaogaI¸ khnaa kizna hO. Aaja ka Eaimak saamaanyat: saat–Aaz GaMTo
kama krta hO laoikna puranao jamaanao maoM Eaimak kao pMd`h–baIsa
GaMTo tk kama krnaa pD,ta qaa AaOr ]samaoM BaI yaid maailak ]sa Eaimak
ko kaya- sao saMtuYT nahIM haota tao ]saka vaotna kaT ilayaa jaata qaa.
kaya- kI AvaiQa kao Aaz GaMTo tk saIimat krnao ko ilae BaI majadUraoM
kao kzaor saMGaYa- krnaa pD,a hO. saMGaYa- ko ]saI daOr maoM p`qama ma[-
ka ivaiSaYT mah%va rha hO. yah tarIK Aaja BaI EaimakaoM ko ilae p`orNaa
ko sa`aot ko $p maoM kama krtI hO tqaa [sako saaqa jauD,I GaTnaa kI
smaRit ]namaoM ivaVut–jaOsaa ]%saah ]%pnnaa krtI hO. [sa GaTnaa ka
kond` qaa – Amaoirka ka iSakagaao Sahr.
naIit kI laD,a[-
]VaogapityaaoM kI naIityaaoM sao bacanao
ko ilae Amaoirka ko majadUraoM nao ApnaI ek saMsqaa banaa[- qaI –
'Amaoirkna foDroSana Aa^f laobar'. [sa saMsqaa nao Agast¸ 1866 maoM yah
maaMga kI qaI ik majadUraoM ko kama krnao ka AiQaktma samaya Aaz GaMTo
tya ikyaa jaae. Amaoirka ko EaimakaoM nao baar–baar ApnaI [sa maaMga
kao duharayaa laoikna iksaI ko kana pr jaMU tk nahIM roMgaI. lagaatar 20
vaYaao-M tk SaaMitpUva-k p`tIxaa krnao ko ]praMt EaimakaoM nao p`qama
ma[-¸ 1886 kao saMGaYa- ka ibagaula bajaa idyaa. saMgazna nao EaimakaoM
sao hD,tala ka Aa*vaana ikyaa AaOr Amaoirka ko EaimakaoM nao ]sao
saao%saah samaqa-na idyaa. ek laaK nabbao hjaar maja,dUraoM nao hD,tala
maoM saiËya $p sao Baaga ilayaa tqaa Amaoirka ko ivaiBanna BaagaaoM
maoM maja,dUraoM nao jaao jaulaUsa inakalao¸ ]namaoM tIna laaK caalaIsa
hjaar majadUr Saaimala qao. hD,tala ka p`mauK gaZ, qaa – iSakagaao
Sahr¸ jahaM 80 hj,aar majadUraoM nao hD,tala maoM Baaga ilayaa.
puilasa AaOr
majadUraoM ka saMGaYa-
p`qama ma[- sao p`arMBa haonaovaalaI yah
hD,tala bahut p`BaavaSaalaI ZMga sao AaOr SaaMitpUva-k cala rhI qaI.
puilasa caahto hue BaI ]samaoM kuC nahIM kr pa rhI qaIM. tIna ma[- kao
puilasa AkarNa hI maOkima-k havao-sTr karKanao maoM Gausa ga[- AaOr
vahaM SaaMit sao p`dSa-na kr rho maja,dUraoM pr laazI barsaanaa Sau$ kr
idyaa. Ch majadUr t%kala SahId hao gae tqaa Anya saOkD,aoM majadUr
Gaayala hao gae. Agalao idna caar ma[- kao jaba majadUr ApnaI ek saBaa
kr rho qao tao vahaM iksaI A&at vyai> ko Wara ek bama ivasfaoT
ikyaa gayaa¸ ijasamaoM puilasa ka ek isapahI maara gayaa. [sako t%kala
baad puilasa AaOr maja,dUraoM maoM JaD,poM hao ga[-M¸ ijanamaoM caar
maja,dUr tqaa puilasa ko saat isapahI maaro gae.
majadUraoM kao
maR%yaudMD
puilasa nao Anaok maja,dUr naotaAaoM kao
igarFtar ikyaa tqaa ]napr maukdmao calaae. [na maukdmaaoM ko flasva$p
caar p`mauK naotaAaoM kao 11 navambar¸ 1887 kao maR%yaudMD idyaa gayaa.
yao qao – spa[Dr¸ ifSar¸ eMjaola tqaa parsansa. Anya Anaok naotaAaoM
kao laMbaI AvaiQa ko karavaasa kI sajaa imalaI. maR%yaudMD kI sajaa
saunaato samaya nyaayaaQaISa EaI gaOrI BaI saMBavat: Apnao inaNa-ya pr
xaubQa AnauBava kr rho qao. ]sa samaya ]nakI isqait ko baaro maoM
'nyaUyaak- Ta[msa' ko saMvaaddata nao ilaKa qaa – "maR%yaudMD ka
inaNa-ya saunaato samaya nyaayaaQaISa gaOrI ka caohra kaMp rha qaa AaOr
jaubaana laD,KD,a rhI qaI."
saMGaYa- ivaSvavyaapI
huAa
AmaoirkI majadUraoM ko [sa saMGaYa- nao
ivaSvaBar ko majadUraoM kao saMGaYa- ko ilae p`oirt ikyaa. [sa GaTnaa kI
smaRit kao sqaayaI banaanao ko ilae 1888 maoM 'Amaoirkna foDroSana Aa^f
laobar' nao yah inaNa-ya ilayaa ik Amaoirka ko saBaI majadUr p`qama ma[-¸
1890 kao majadUr idvasa ko $p maoM manaaeMgao tqaa [sako ]praMt
p`itvaYa- p`qama ma[- kao [saI p`kar Aayaaojana ikyaa jaata rhogaa.
kala- maa@sa- kI ivacaarQaara kao vyaavahairk sva$p donao kI dRiYT sao
jaba 14 jaulaa[-¸ 1889 kao ivaSvaBar ko samaajavaadI¸ ÍaMsa kI
rajaQaanaI poirsa maoM eki~t hue tqaa AMtraYT/Iya samaajavaadI saMgazna
³saokMD [MTrnaoSanala´ kI sqaapnaa kI¸ tba [sa saMsqaa nao Apnao ek
p`stava maoM ivaSvaBar ko majadUraoM ko ilae kaya- kI AiQaktma AvaiQa
kao Aaz GaMTo tk saIimat krnao kI maaMga kI. [sako Aitir> [samaoM yah
BaI p`stava pairt ikyaa ik saMpUNa- ivaSva maoM p`qama ma[- kao majadUr
idvasa ko $p maoM manaayaa jaae.
p`stava–idvasa
[na p`stavaaoM ko Anausaar p`qama ma[-¸
1890 kao¸ AMtrraYT/Iya str pr majadUr idvasa ko $p maoM manaayaa gayaa.
[sa p`qama majadUr idvasa kI cacaa- krto hue eMijalsa nao kala- maa@sa-
kI p`isaw pustk 'saamyavaadI GaaoYaNaa–p~' kI BaUimaka maoM ilaKa –
"Aaja jaba maOM yah pMi>yaaM ilaK rha hMU¸ ]sa samaya yaUraop
AaOr Amaoirka ko sava-hara ek JaMDo ko naIcao AaOr ek saonaa kI Sa@la
maoM ApnaI takt taOla rho hOM. Aaja ko idna ka GaTnaacaË saBaI
pUMjaIpityaaoM AaOr BaUsvaaimayaaoM kI AaMKoM Kaola dogaa."
$sa maoM phlaa [ithasa
ma[- idvasa ka Aayaaojana saBaI doSaaoM
maoM ek saaqa p`qama ma[-¸ 1890 kao p`arMBa nahIM ikyaa jaa saka. kuC
doSaaoM maoM [saka Aayaaojana baad maoM p`arMBa ikyaa gayaa. [MglaOMD
maoM [saka p`qama Aayaaojana 4 ma[-¸ 1890 kao huAa. [sa Aayaaojana maoM
kala- maa@sa- kI pu~I elaInaaor BaI Apnao pit ko saaqa ]pisqat hu[-. $sa
maoM 1896 maoM ma[- idvasa ka phlaa [Sthar ilaKa gayaa. ilaKnaovaalao
qao – blaaDImaIr [ilayaca ]ilayaanaaova laoinana. ]nhaoMnao [sa [Sthar
kao jaola maoM ilaKa qaa.
caIna maoM ma[- idvasa ka p`qama
Aayaaojana 1924 maoM huAa tqaa svatM~ vaIetnaama maoM ma[- idvasa phlaI
baar 1975 maoM Aayaaoijat ikyaa gayaa.
Baart maoM ma[- idvasa
majadUraoM ko [sa ivaSvavyaapI
AaMdaolana sao Baart BaI ACUta nahIM rh saka. doSa ko svaaQaInata
AaMdaolana maoM majadUraoM kI ]llaoKnaIya BaUimaka rhI. hmaaro yahaM
ma[- idvasa ka p`qama Aayaaojana 1923 maoM huAa. p`qama ma[- kao mad`asa
ko samaud` tT pr Aayaaoijat [sa p`qama ma[- idvasa ko samaaraoh ko
AQyaxa majadUr naota EaI cao+Iyaar qao. [sako baad raYT/Iya str pr AaOr
saMgaizt $p maoM [saka Aayaaojana 1928 maoM huAa. ]sa samaya sao laokr
Aba tk hmaaro yahaM ma[- idvasa ka Aayaaojana p`itvaYa- bahut ]%saah ko
saaqa haota rha hO.
kama ko GaMTo
1919 maoM 'AMtrraYT/Iya Eama saMgazna'
³Aa[-•ela•Aao•´ ka p`qama AiQavaoSana huAa. ]samaoM yah p`stava
pairt ikyaa gayaa ik saBaI AaOVaoigak saMgaznaaoM maoM kayaa-vaiQa
AiQak–sao–AiQak Aaz GaMTo inaQaa-irt hao. Eama saMbaMQaI Anya Anaok
Satao-M kao BaI Sabdbaw ikyaa gayaa. ivaSva ko AiQasaM#ya doSaaoM nao
[na Satao-M kao svaIkar krko Apnao yahaM laagaU BaI kr idyaa. 1935 maoM
[saI saMgazna nao Aaz GaMTo kI AvaiQa kao GaTakr saat GaMTo kI AvaiQa ka
p`stava pairt ikyaa. yah BaI kha gayaa ik ek saPtah maoM iksaI BaI
majadUr sao 40 GaMTo sao AiQak kama nahIM ilayaa jaanaa caaihe. ivaSva
ko Anaok samaajavaadI tqaa Anya ivakisat doSaaoM nao [sa AvaiQa kao AaOr
GaTakr saPtah maoM 35 GaMTo kI AvaiQa kao BaI Apnao yahaM laagaU ikyaa
hO.
majadUraoM kI sauK–sauivaQaa pr
ivacaar–ivamaSa- ko Aitir> ma[- idvasa pr ivaiBanna doSaaoM maoM
kuC raocak kaya-Ëma BaI p`stut ike jaato hOM. trh–trh ko gaIt AaOr
naR%ya p`stut ike jaato hOM tqaa majadUraoM kI samasyaa pr AaQaairt
naaTk BaI Kolao jaato hOM. [MglaOMD¸ caIna tqaa jama-naI Aaid doSaaoM
maoM [sa Avasar pr baccaaoM ko BaI rMga–ibarMgao kaya-Ëma p`stut ike
jaato hOM.
lagaBaga ek saaO vaYaao-M ko kzaor
saMGaYa- ko baavajaUd majadUraoM kI isqait maoM sauQaar ko ilae Aba BaI
bahut kuC ikyaa jaanaa SaoYa hO. Anaok doSaaoM maoM majadUraoM kI Aaz
GaMTo kI kayaa-vaiQa BaI Aba tk laagaU nahIM hao pa[- hO. saPtah maoM 35
GaMTo kI kayaa-vaiQa tqaa Anya Anaok p`kar kI sauivaQaaeM tao ]nakI
klpnaa sao BaI dUr hOM. ]nhoM p`itidna 12–13 GaMTo tk kama krnaa pD,ta
hO. AvakaSa ko idnaaoM ka vaotna BaI ]nhoM nahIM imalata hO. ijana
doSaaoM maoM majadUraoM kao kuC sauK–sauivaQaaeM dI ga[- hOM¸ vao BaI
kovala saMgaizt xao~aoM maoM kaya-rt majadUraoM ko ilae hOM. AsaMgaizt
majadUraoM ko ilae Aba tk kao[- ivaSaoYa ]llaoKnaIya kaya- nahIM hao
payaa hO.
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