-
savaao-dya
maOTina-TI haoma ko kmara naMbar Aaz ko saamanao laaogaaoM
kI BaID, lagaI hu[- hO. BaID, ka karNa Asptala ko
kma-caairyaaoM tqaa ]sa kmaro maoM BatI- navajaat iSaSau kI
maaM sarlaa ko baIca cala rhI tU–tU¸maOM–maOM kI }ÐcaI–}ÐcaI
AavaajaoM.[sa BaID, maoM jara Aap BaI GausaoM tao maajara
samaJa maoM Aa jaaegaa. sarlaa kao Sak hI nahIM¸pUra
ivaSvaasa hO ik Asptala ko kma-caairyaaoM kI imalaI Bagat ko
karNa ]saka baccaa badla gayaa hO. kma-caarI [sasao lagaatar
[Mkar kr rho hOM. Balaa bata[e¸ saca kOsao saamaanao AaeÆ
yaa tao ]na kma-caairyaaoM kI baat saca maanaI jaae yaa ifr
sarlaa kI.
-
iksaI
baD,o rolavao sToSana ko PlaoTfa^ma- pr T/ona ko Aanao ka
samaya. PlaoTfama- laaogaaoM sao Kcaa–Kca Bara huAa.
Acaanak ek baD,a Qamaaka AaOr saOkD,aoM hta–ht. caaraoM
trf caIK–pukar AOar Afra–tfrI. Qamaaka [tnaa
Sai>SaalaI qaa ik ]sako Aasa–pasa ko laaogaaoM ko
SavaaoM ko caIqaD,o ]D, gae qao. k[yaaoM ko iCnna–iBanna
AMga ek dUsaro sao gauqa gae qao. AiQakaMSa SavaaoM kao
phcaananaa BaI mauiSkla qaa. SavaaoM kI sahI phcaana kr
]nako irStodaraoM kao saaOMopnaa BaI puilasa ko ilae ek
jaiTla samasyaa qaI.
-
rat
ko AMQaoro maoM iksaI saunasaana jagah pr Akolao jaa rhI
iksaI maihlaa ka balaa%kar AaOr ]sako baad inama-mata sao kI
ga[- h%yaa. ApraQaI yaa ApraiQayaaoM ka kao[- Ata–pta
nahIM.
-
AnaOitk
p`oma saMbaMQa ko karNa janmaoM baccao ka ipta haonao sao
p`omaI ka [Mkar. pirNaama¸ maihlaa evaM ]sa baccao ka
BaivaYya AMQakarmaya. kOsao pta ikyaa jaaya ik ]sa baccao ka
AsalaI ipta kaOna hOÆ
yahI @yaaoM¸ eosaI tmaama pirsqaityaaM haotI hOM¸ jahaM
saccaa[- kI th tk jaanao ko ilae phcaana kI
ivaSvasanaIya tknaIk Ait AavaSyak haotI hOO.
ApraiQayaaoM
tk phuMcanao ko ilae saMidgQa laaoMgaaoM sao pUC–taC¸
GaTnaa sao saMbaMiQat sabaUtaoM kI jaaMca–prK¸ r>
ko namaUnaaoM kI jaaMca yaa ifr ifMgar ip`MT\sa ko Wara
ApraQaI tk phuMcanao kI jaiTla–evaM Eama–saaQya
laoikna AinaiScat ivaQaaeM¸ Aba tk ko prMpragat trIko
qao. eosao maoM DIenae ifMgar ip`MiTMga kI ivaQaa [sa
xao~ maoM ek ËMaitkarI kdma ko $p maoM saamanao Aa[-
hO. [sa ivaQaa Wara baccao tqaa maata–ipta ko
saMbaMQaaoM kI saMidgQata kao dUr krnao sao lao kr
ApraiQayaaoM kI saTIk phcaana¸ saBaI kuC AasaanaI sao
ikyaa jaa sakta hO.
phlaI baat¸ DIenae ifMgar ip`MiTMga ko naama sao laaokip`ya
[sa ivaQaa ka ifMgar Aqaa-t\ ]MgailayaaoM sao kuC BaI
laonaa–donaa nahIM hO.caMUik ]MgailayaaoM ko Cap ka
]pyaaoga vyai>¸ ivaSaoYakr ApraiQayaaoM¸ kI phcaana ko $p maoM bahut phlao sao ikyaa jaata
rha hO¸ AtÁ ]saI tja- pr [sa ivaQaa kao BaI ‘DIenae
ifMgar ip`iTMga’ ka naama do idyaa gayaa. vaastva maoM
[sao kovala ‘DIenae Ta[ipMga’ yaa ifr ‘DIenae p`aofa[ilaMga’ hI khnaa
caaihe.1984 maoM iba`iTSa jaonaoiTsT elaok jaoiFrja,
evaM ]nako sahyaaoigayaaoM Wara ivakisat [sa ivaQaa kI
sahayata sao iksaI BaI vyai> kI phcaana yaa ifr ]sako
maata–ipta kaOna hOM¸ jaoOsao tqyaaoM kI puiYT ]nako
SarIr kI iksaI BaI kaoiSaka maoM pae jaanao vaalao ‘vaOirebala
naMbar TOMDoma rIpIT\sa’ ³ijanhoM saMxaop tqaa laaokip`ya $p
maoM ‘vaIenaTIAar\sa’ ko naama sao jaanaa
jaata hO´
Wara AasaanaI evaM ivaSvasanaIya $p sao kI jaa saktI hO.
sauivaQaa ko ilae Aagao sao hma BaI [nhoM
‘vaIenaTIAar\sa’ ko naama sao hI pukaroMgao.
[sa saMdBa- maoM ek AaOr
majao,dar baat — elaok jaiFrja,
kao svayaM nahIM Anaumaana qaa ik ]nako Wara ivakisat
[sa ivaQaa ka ]pyaaoga vyai> kI phcaana krnao ko ilae
BaI ikyaa jaa sakta hO. ]nhaoMnao tao [saka ivakasa [sa
AaSaa sao ikyaa qaa ik [saka ]pyaaoga AnauvaaMiSak
raogaaoM kI phcaana tqaa ]nako ]pcaar maoM sahayak
haogaa.
ijasa p`kar dao vyai>yaaoM ko ifMgar ip`MT\sa Sat p`itSat
ek jaOsao nahIM haoto¸ ]saI p`kar dao vyai>yaaoM ko
‘vaIenaTIAar\sa’ ko BaI ek jaOsao haonao kI
saMBaavanaa lagaBaga na ko barabar hO. ek hI inaYaoicat
iDMba sao janmaoM jauD,vaaM baccao [sako Apvaad hao
sakto hOM yaa ifr kraoDa,o kI janasaM#yaa maoM Apvaad
sva$p ek–AaQa kosa hI eosao imala sakto hOM¸ ijanako
vaIenaTIAar\sa Sat–p`itSat maola Ka jaaeM.Aajakla
faoroMisak saa[Msa maoM [sa ivaQaa ka ]pyaaoga baZ,ta
jaa rha hO. karNa¸ ifMgar ip`MT\sa kI tulanaa maoM [sa
ivaQaa maoM JaMJaT kma hOM¸ sauinaiScat pirNaama
imalata hO¸ saaqa hI [saka dayara BaI baD,a hO. [sako
ilae saMidgQa vyai> ko r> ko CITaoM¸ baala ko
TukDaM,o yaa ifr KraoMcaI hu[- %vacaa Aqavaa vaIya- ko QabbaaoM¸ yahaÐ tk ik laar
sao p`aPt maa~ kuC kaoiSakaeM hI jaMaca ko ilae
kafI hOM.
[sa ivaQaa kao ivastar sao samaJanao ko, ilae AavaSyak hO ik
sabasao phlao hma yah jaana laoM ik }pr kI pMi>yaaoM
maoM baar–baar ]illaiKt ‘vaIenaTIAar\sa’ AaiKr
hOM @yaaÆ [nhoM samaJanao ko ilae sabasao phlao
kaoiSaka¸ ]sako koMd`k¸ koMd`k maoM Avaisqat
gauNasaU~aoM tqaa ]nako inamaa-Na maoM p`yau> mau#ya
rsaayana DIenae ko baaro maoM jaana laonaa AavaSyak hO.
baO@TIiryaa
jaOsao kuC Aaid jaIvaaoM kao CaoD, saBaI jaIvaaoM kI
kaoiSaka mao ek koMd`k AvaSya haota hO. [sa koMd`k maoM
gauNasaU~ pae jaato hOM. [na gauNasaU~aoM kI saM#yaa ek
p`jaait ko saBaI jaIvaaoM kI saBaI kaoiSakaAaoM inaiScat
haotI hO. yaqaa¸ iksaI BaI manauYya kI iksaI BaI
kaoiSaka maoM [na gauNasaU~aoM ko 23 jaaoD,o pae jaato
hOM. manauYya ko [na 23 jaaoD,o gauNasau~aoM maoM 15 laaK
jaInsa ko jaaoD,o paae jaato hOM. yao jaInsa vaastva maoM
gauNasaU~aoM maoM Avaisqat DIenae ko duhro kuMDlaakar
Qaagao ko CaoTo–CaoTo AMSa haoto hOM tqaa saMrcanaa
maoM eDoinana (A)¸
gauAainana(G)¸ saa[Taoisana(C)
tqaa qaayaimana(T) jaOsao naa[T/aojana baosaoja, ko
Ëmavaar ivanyaasa
ko AaQaar pr ek dUsaro sao Alaga–Alaga haoto hOM.
saMrcanaa maoM yahI iBannata [na jaInsa Wara vahna ike
jaanao vaalao ivaiBanna AnauvaaMiSak laxaNaaoM ka AaQaar
hO. ek jaIna maoM pae jaanao vaalao saBaI naa[T/aojana
baosaoja, ka Ëmavaar ivanyaasa yah tya krta hO ik ]sako
Wara saMSlaoiYat p`aoTIna ko ANau maoM emaInaao eisaD\sa
ka Ëma @yaa haogaa. [na jaInsa kI sahayata sao naanaa
pkar ko saMSlaoiYt p`aoTInsa hI praoxa–Apraoxa $p sao
kaoiSaka kI saMrcanaa tqaa kaya- kI ka inaQaa-rNa krto
hOM.
eosaa BaI nahIM hO ik ek gauNasaU~ maoM payaa jaanao vaalao
DIenae ko saBaI AMSa Aqa-pUNa- jaInsa kI hI BaUimaka
inaBaato hOM AaOr p`aoTInsa ko saMSlaoYaNa maoM hI
sahayak haoto hOM. [na Aqa-pUNa- AMSaaoM ko baIca–baIca
maoM eosao AMSa BaI haoto hOM jaao [na Aqa-pUNa- jaInsa
ko iËyaa–klaapaoM pr inayaM~Na rKnao ka kama krto
hOM. [nako Aitir> kuC eosao BaI Aqa-hIna AMSa haoto hO¸
ijanaka kao[- matlaba nahIM haota. [nhIM baomatlaba ko
AMSaaoM maoM kuC eosao AMSa BaI haoto hOM¸ jahaÐ yao
naa[T/aojana baosaoja, baar–baar duhrae jaato
hOMM.]dahrNa ko ilaeÁ A-G-A-G-A-G-A-G-A-G.
eosao duhrae gae naa[T/aojana baosaoja, sao banao
DIenae ko AMSa kI saMrcanaa maoM 9 sao 80 baar naa[T/aojana
baosaoja, ka ]pyaaoga hao sakta hO.DIenae ko
eosao hI AMSaaoM kao ‘vaIenaTIAar\sa’ ka naama idyaa
gayaa hO. eosao DIenae kao pa^laImaa^if-k DIenae BaI kha
jaata hO tqaa DIenae ko [na AMSaaoM kao
imanaIsaOTolaa[T\sa kI saM&a dI ga[- hO.
iksaI vyai> kI sauinaiScat
phcaana ko ilae vaastva maoM ]sako pUro jaInaaoma ko naa[T/aojana
baosa EaRMKlaa ka AQyayana hI sava-EaoYz
trIka hO¸ laoikna lagaBaga tIna saaO kraoD,
naa[T/aojana baosaoja, ko jaaoDaoM ka AQyayana ek jaiTla¸
EamasaaQya evaM samaya laonao vaalaa kaya- hOM.eosao
maoM [na vaIenaTIAar\sa kao SaoYa DIenae sao Alaga kr
]nhoM vyai> ko phcaana ko $p maoM [stomaala kr laonao
kI ivaQaa ka ivakasa kr elaok jaoFrIja, nao hmaaro
samaxa ek nayaa¸ baohtr evaM sauinaiScat ivaklp p`stut
kr idyaa hO.Aa[e¸ Aba yah jaananao ka p`yaasa kroM ik
yah ivaQaa @yaa hO.
[sa ivaQaa ka phlaa kdma hO¸
p`aPt namaUnao sao DIenae ka inaYkYa-Na. [sako
ilae trh–trh ko trIko Apnaae jaato hOM AaOr yah
namaUnao ko AaQaar pr tya ikyaa jaata hO. saamaanya $p
sao yah kaya- iDTjao-MT¸ eMja,a[msa tqaa elkaohla kI
madd sao ikyaa jaata hO. DIenae ifMgar ip`iTMga ko ilae
Sau$AatI daOr maoM ‘roisT/@Sana ÍOgmaoMT laoMqa
pa^laImaa^iÔj,ma’(RFLP) jaOsaI
ivaSlaoYaNa–tknaIk ka ]pyaaoga ikyaa gayaa. [sa
ivaSlaoYaNa ivaQaa maoM ivaiSaYT roisT/@Sana
eMja,a[msa kI sahayata sao DIenae ko maa[ËaosaOTolaa[T
xao~aoM sao vaIenaTIAar\sa ko AMSaaoM kao kaT kr Alaga
ikyaa jaata hO¸ ijanhoM
RFLPs ka
naama idyaa gayaa. tt\pScaat\ [na
RFLPs kao ‘egaraoja, jaola
(gel)
elao@T/aofaoroisasa’
Wara pi+yaaoM ko $p maoM Alaga–Alaga ikyaa jaata hO.
DIenae kI [na Alaga kI ga[- pi+yaaoM kao xaarIya
Gaaola ko T/o maoM rKa jaata hO taik [na
RFLPs
DIenae ko duhro saU~ Alaga–Alaga hao jaaeM. [sako
baad ‘sadna- blaa^iTMga’ jaOsaI ivaSaoYa tknaIk Wara
RFLPs
ko [khro saU~aoM kao jaola(gel)
vaalaI T/o sao lavaNaaoM ko Gaaola sao BarI ek
dUsarI T/o maoM jaola ko }pr fOlaa[- ga[-
T/a[-naa[T/aosaolyaulaaoja, Aqavaa naa[laa^na kI iJallaI
pr sqaanaaMtirt ikyaa jaata hO.
Agalao kdma ko $p maoM [sa To/
maoM phlao sao &at ivaSaoYa naa[T/aojana EaRMKlaa
vaalao roiDyaao ei@Tva
DIenae ko [khro saU~aoM(probes) kao
CaoD, idyaa jaata hO. eosao tOyaar saU~ Aaja kla
baayaaokoimaklsa kI AapUit- krnao vaalaI kMpinayaaM
]plabQa kra dotI hOM. naa[T/aojana baosaoja, kI ivaiSaYT
EaRMKlaa ko karNa yao roiDyaao ei@Tva saU~(probe) naa[laa^na kI iJallaI pr Avaisqat
RFLPs ko [khro saU~aoM ko ]sa Baaga sao jauD, jaato hOM¸
ijanakI naa[T/aojana baosa EaRMKlaa [nasao maola KatI
hO.Aba¸ Aitir> DIenae p`aobsa kao
baha idyaa jaata hO AaOr AMt maoM naa[laa^na kI iJallaI
kI e@saro iflma tOyaar kI
jaatI hO. roiDyaao ei@Tva
DIenae p`aoba sao jauD,o haonao ko karNa e@saro
iflma pr yao RFLPs
baar
kaoD\sa ko samaana idKnao vaalao inaiScat laMbaa[- tqaa
maaoTa[- vaalaI QaairyaaoM ko $p maoM idKa[- pD,nao
lagato hOM. [sa p`kar trh–trh ko &at roiDyaao
ei@Tva paobsa ka ]pyaaoga kr kaoiSaka maoM pae jaanao vaalao
ivaiBanna vaIenaTIAar\sa ko
RFLPs kI phcaana kI jaa saktI hO tqaa iksaI Anya kaoiSaka
ko vaIenaTIAar\sa sao [naka maola kra kr yah pta ikyaa
jaa sakta hO ik yao ]saI vyai> ko hOM Aqavaa Anya
iksaI ko. [sa tknaIk kI kuC KaimayaaM hOMM. yaqaa— yah
ek laMbaa samaya laonao vaalaI ivaQaa hO¸ saaqa hI AcCo
pirNaama ko ilae namaUnao kI pyaa-Pt maa~a¸ vah BaI
tajao $p maoM AavaSyak hO¸ Aaid.
baad maoM ‘pa^laImaroja, caona
ire@Sana’ (PCR) jaOsaI tknaIk ko ivakasa ko karNa DIenae ifMgar
ipMiTMga na kovala AaOr BaI sauinaiScat pirNaama donao
lagaI¸ bailk namaUnao kI qaaoD,I maa~a BaI [sa kaya- ko
ilae pyaa-Pt qaI. puranaa evaM Kraba namaUnaa BaI AcCo
pirNaama do sakta hO. [sa ivaQaa maoM namaUnao kI qaaoD,I
saI maa~a sao inaYkiYa-t DIenae ko AMSaaoM kI Anaiganat
p`itkRityaaM
(DNA
aplification) tOyaar kI jaa saktI hOM.[sa kaya-
ko ilae DIenae ko AMSaaoM kao eosaI isqait maoM rKa
jaata hO¸ jahaÐ ka tapËma ek sauinaiScat Ëma maoM caËIya ZMga sao badlata rhta
hO. saaqa hI eosao
pa^laImaroja, eMjaa[ma kI AavaSyakta haotI hO ijasa pr
caiËya $p sao badlato tap ka kao[- p`Baava nahIM pD,ta
hao.
DIenae ifMgar ip`MiMTMga kao AaOr
BaI sarla¸sasta¸ ivaSvasanaIya evaM kma sao kma samaya
laonao vaalaI ivaQaa banaanao kI idSaa maoM lagaatar
p`yaasa ike jaa rho hOM. Aba vaIenaTIAar\sa kI jagah
esaTIAar\sa (short tandem repeats) ko ]pyaaoga kI tknaIk ka ivakasa ikyaa jaa cauka hO¸
ijasanao DIenae ifMgar ip`iTMga kI ivaQaa kao AaOr BaI
ivaSvasanaIya evaM sasta banaa idyaa hO. yah ivaQaa BaI
‘pa^laImaroja, caona ire@Sana’
(PCR) hI AaQaairt hO. laoikna [samaoM ifMgar ip`MiTMga ko
ilae DIenae ko kovala ]na pa^laImaa^ifk xao~aoM ka ]pyaaoga ikyaa jaata hO¸ ijanamaoM
laMbaI EaRMKlaa vaalao vaIenaTIAar\sa kI bajaaya kovala
3¸4 yaa ifr 5 naa[T/aojana baosaoja, sao banao DIenae
ko CaoTo–CaoTo AMSa
(short tandem repeats) maaOja,Ud
haoM. eosao AMSaaoM kao SaoYa DIenae sao Alaga kr }pr
vaiNa-t ivaQaa Wara [nako BaI e@saro
ica~ pa`Pt ike jaa sakto hOM¸ ijanaka ]pyaaoga phcaana
ko ilae ikyaa jaa sakta hO.
DIenae ifMgar ip`MiTMga kI kuC eosaI
ivaSaoYataAaoM ka ]llaoK krnaa AavaSyak hO jaao phcaana
ko ilae ]pyaaoga maoM laa[- jaanao vaalaI Anya
ivaQaaAaoM kI tulanaa maoM [sakI EaoYzta evaM
ivaSvasanaIyata kao dSaa-tI hOM—
-
p`%yaok vyai> ka DIenae
ifMgar ip`MT ‘vyai>–ivaiSaYT’ haota hO. ibarlao
hI yah iksaI Anya sao maola Kata hO.
-
ek vyai> kI saBaI
kaoiSakaAaoM ko ifMgar ip`MT\sa ek dUsaro sao
Sat–p`itSat maola Kato hOM¸ caaho vah kaoiSaka
maaMsapoSaI kI hao yaa r> kI. AtÁ vyai> kI iksaI
BaI ek kaoiSaka ka ifMgar ip`MT ]sakI phcaana ko ilae
pyaa-Pt hO.
-
kaoiSakaAaoM maoM pae jaanao
vaalao vaIenaTIAar\sa yaa esaTIAar\sa saMtit kao
maata–ipta sao hI imalato hOM. vyai> kI iksaI BaI kaoiSaka maoM pae jaanao
vaalao 23
gauNasaU~ ]sao ]sakI maaM sao imalao haoto hO tqaa Anya
23 ipta sao. AtÁ maaM sao imalao gauNa saU~aoM pr
Avaisqat vaIenaTIAar\sa maaM kI iksaI BaI kaoiSaka ko
kma sao kma 23 gauNasaU~aoM pr Avaisqat
vaIenaTIAar\sa sao maola KaeMgao¸ tao ipta sao imalao
SaoYa 23 gauNa saU~aoM pr Avaisqat vaIenaTIAar\sa ipta
kI iksaI BaI kaoiSaka ko 23 gauNasaU~aoM sao.y ahI karNa
hO ik saMtit saMbaMQaI ivavaad saMtana tqaa maata–ipta
ko DIenae ip`MT\sa ka maola kra kr AasaanaI sao
inapTayaa jaa sakta hO.
-
[na vaIenaTIAar\sa kI
saMrcanaa maoM kao[- BaI pirvat-na iksaI BaI &at
]pcaar Wara saMBava nahIM hO. AtÁ ApraQaI caah kr BaI
ApnaI phcaana badla nahIM sakta. ]sako pkDo jaanao kI
saMBaavanaa lagaBaga sauinaiScat hO. ApraQaI ApraQa krnao
ko pUva- dao baar saaocaogaa¸ yaid ]sao DIenae ifMgar
ip`MT\sa ko baaro maoM jaanakarI hO.
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